| First appearance of Turkomans in the Iraqi territory takes place with 2000 Turks brought to Basrah by Ubeydullah bin Ziyad, one of Ommiades ruler in 54 Hegira Calendar. The invasion of Iraq by Tuğrul Bey, the great Seljukian ruler, in 1055 and delivering of the sermon namely hutbe on Friday dated 15 Dec, 1055 in Baghdad marked the beginning of the Turkish sovereignty that will continue by the end of 1918 covering nearly 9 centuries. Calling Iraqi Turkmans as " Turkomans " begins with Seljuks . Historians agree that this terminology certainly does not specify something different from Turkish ancestors but the Muslim Oğuz Turks are called as " Turkomans " . After the collapse of the great Seljuk Empire, some Turkish Lordliness namely Zeynettin Küçükoğullari (1144 - 1233) in Arbil, Atabeyler in Mosul, and Kipçakoğullari in Kirkuk were established. Arbil, from 1190 to 1233 with the leadership of Muzaffereddin Gökbörü has lived its glorious period. So, various Turkish rulers have ruled the area until 1514. Yavuz Sultan Selim, after his Tebriz journey dated Sept16, 1514 conquested the Northern Iraq in 1515 and annexed it to the Ottoman Empire. 19 years later, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificient went to Baghdad and put an end to Safevi sovereignty on Nov 28, 1534. So all Iraqi territory has become a principality. This period is accepted as the settlement of Turkomans in Iraq. Nadir Shah had besieged Kirkuk for some period in 1732 and in 1734 he came back so, Kirkuk become Safevi territory. Kirkuk, with the treaty of 1746 had been given back to the Ottoman Empire and the area had stayed under the rule of Ottoman Empire until the World War-I. However, following the English invasion of Baghdad on March 11, 1917 Hüseyin, Sherıff of Mecca, was forced to rebel by English so, central and southern part of Iraq were left to England and Syria and Mosul were left to France. 3 days later from Mondros Treaty dated October 30, 1918 which lasted only 4 days, on November 2, 1918 English General wanted Ali Ihsan Pasha who was the commander of 6 th Army to give back the said area so, 6 days later, on November 8, 1918, Mosul became an English territory. Afterwards in October 10, 1922 Lozan Peace Conference convened and signed in July 24, 1923. 3 years later in June 5, 1926 in Ankara, among England, Iraq and Turkey a " Treaty of Border and good neighborship " was signed however, unfortunately there was no legal guarantee for Iraqi Turkomans in both treaty. In December 14, 1927, England gave independence to Iraq Kingship under the rule of King Faysal and the Kingship period continued until July 14, 1958 and came to an end with the overthrown of King Faysal II by General Abdulkerim Kasim and proclamation of Republic. After the five year sovereignty of Abdulsalam Muhammad ARIF and his brother Abdurrahman M.ARIF who took the leadership by overthrowing Abdülkerim KASIM in February 8,1963, the Socialist Arab Baath Party which is on the power right now, with a coup became the ruling party under the leadership of General Ahmet Hasan Al-Bakır in July 17,1968. While the Baath regime trying to maintain a just dominance in the country in the first two years, Saddam Hussein who ruled behind the closed doors till 1979 has refrained to be number one unless he was sure that his teachings supported thoroughly. However, he, in July 16,1979, when he was the deputy head of the state replaced AL-Bakir took the control of the country and almost one year later forced Iraq to make war with Iran and forced Turkoman soldiers to fight on the very front because of his hatred to Turks. Almost 2 years later after the cease-fire signed on August 8, 1988 he invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990 and caused the outbreak of Gulf War. US and its allies with the permission of UN dated Jan 16,17,1991 started the war took back Kuwait from Iraq. |